基于面向对象的C++语言研制三维柱坐标共形网格生成程序，对束-场互作用器件作共形网格剖分，为粒子模拟算法提供积分线元、面元。通过定义三维柱坐标网格体系如网格步长、网格索引、守护网格层、包围盒等数据，使模型的空间信息能转换成柱坐标网格信息。将轴上网格单元作特殊处理，使粒子模拟算法形式在轴上网格和在非轴上网格上保持一致。利用射线跟踪法得到属于模型子面、模型棱边的离散边界点，接着通过拓扑关系获得模型的顶点，保存上述三类离散边界点的拓扑信息和网格信息。将构建的基础网格元与边界点信息耦合，在离散网格体系中重构模型。用该共形网格剖分技术对相对论磁控管进行剖分，能够识别该磁控管的透明阴极、阳极和谐振腔等结构。

为了解决结构光三维重建中传统立体匹配存在的特征点匹配错误、匹配缺失和匹配重复等问题，本文将SURF算法中高斯滤波改进为自适应中值滤波结合小波变换，并提出了一种基于OKG算法的二次特征匹配方法。该算法首先使用自适应中值滤波结合小波变换算法对图像进行平滑和降噪处理，再进行初步特征点提取和匹配，然后将构建的尺度空间划分成多个网格，在每个网格内使用FAST算法提取尺度空间特征点，使用ORB算子提取左右图像的特征点，用BRIEF描述子对其进行描述，采用K-D树最近邻搜索法限制特征点选取，通过GMS算法剔除误匹配点。最后，将本文SURF-OKG算法与传统特征匹配算法进行对比分析，并对阶梯块进行三维重建来验证本文算法的有效性。实验结果表明：SURF-OKG算法的正确匹配率为92.47%；对阶梯宽度为40 mm，精度为0.02 mm的阶梯块进行三维重建，实验测得阶梯宽度的误差均值为1.312 mm，最大误差值不超过1.72 mm，基本满足结构光三维重建系统的实验要求。

为了消除激光诱导击穿光谱技术（laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy，LIBS）中的自吸收效应，提高元素定量分析的精确度，同时满足工业中便捷分析元素的要求，需将自吸收免疫激光诱导击穿光谱技术（self-absorption free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy，SAF-LIBS）的装置小型化。本文提出了一项新型的高重频声光门控SAF-LIBS定量分析技术，使用高重频激光器产生准连续的等离子体以增强光谱强度，并将声光调制器（acousto-optic modulator，AOM）作为门控开关，从而使微型CCD光谱仪和AOM能够代替传统大型SAF-LIBS装置中的像增强探测器（intensified charge coupled device，ICCD）和中阶梯型光栅光谱仪，实现自吸收免疫的同时缩小了装置的体积，降低了装置的成本。将该系统参数进行优化选择后，对样品中的Al元素进行了定量分析和预测。实验结果表明，等离子体的特性受激光重复频率的影响进而会影响光谱信号的强度。在1 ~ 50 kHz激光重复频率范围内，Al I 394.4 nm和Al I 396.15 nm的双线强度先增强后减弱，确定最佳的激光重复频率为10 kHz。在不同的光纤采集角度下，Al的双线强度比随延迟时间的增加而减小，在45°处信噪比最高，且在一定的积分时间下，最佳光学薄时间t_ot为426 ns。在激光重复频率为10 kHz、光纤采集角为45°、延迟时间为400 ns的条件下，对Al元素进行定量分析和预测结果表明，Al元素定标曲线的线性度R²为0.982，平均绝对测量误差相对于单一LIBS的0.8%可以降低至0.18%。定量分析结果与传统大型SAF-LIBS装置的测量精度相持平。因此本高重频声光门控SAF-LIBS装置不仅有效地屏蔽了光学厚等离子体中的连续背景辐射和谱线加宽，同时具备小型化、低成本、高可靠性的优点，有助于推动SAF-LIBS技术由实验室走向工业应用。

An optical micro/nanofiber (MNF) is a quasi-one-dimensional free-standing optical waveguide with a diameter close to or less than the vacuum wavelength of light. Combining the tiny geometry with high-refractive-index contrast between the core and the surrounding, the MNF exhibits favorable optical properties such as tight optical confinement, strong evanescent field, and large-diameter-dependent waveguide dispersion. Meanwhile, as a quasi-one-dimensional structure with extraordinarily high geometric and structural uniformity, the MNF also has low optical loss and high mechanical strength, making it favorable for manipulating light on the micro/nanoscale with high flexibility. Over the past two decades, optical MNFs, typically being operated in single mode, have been emerging as a miniaturized fiber-optic platform for both scientific research and technological applications. In this paper, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the representative advances in optical MNFs in recent years. Starting from the basic structures and fabrication techniques of the optical MNFs, we highlight linear and nonlinear optical and mechanical properties of the MNFs. Then, we introduce typical applications of optical MNFs from near-field optics, passive optical components, optical sensors, and optomechanics to fiber lasers and atom optics. Finally, we give a brief summary of the current status of MNF optics and technology, and provide an outlook into future challenges and opportunities.

We experimentally transmit eight wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) channels, 16 quadratic-amplitude-modulation (QAM) signals at 32-GBaud, over 1000 km few mode fiber (FMF). In this experiment, we use WDM, mode division multiplexing, and polarization multiplexing for signal transmission. Through the multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) equalization algorithms, we achieve the total line transmission rate of 4.096 Tbit/s. The results prove that the bit error rates (BERs) for the 16QAM signals after 1000 km FMF transmission are below the soft-decision forward-error-correction (SD-FEC) threshold of 2.4×10-2, and the net rate reaches 3.413 Tbit/s. Our proposed system provides a reference for the future development of high-capacity communication.

An imperfect propagation environment or optical system would introduce wavefront aberrations to vortex beams. The phase aberrations and orbital angular momentum in a vortex beam are proved to be mutually restrictive in parameter measurement. Aberrations make traditional topological charge (TC) probing methods ineffective while the phase singularity makes phase retrieval difficult due to the aliasing between the wrapped phase jump and the vortex phase jump. An interactive probing method is proposed to make measurements of the aberrated phase and orbital angular momentum in a vortex beam assist rather than hinder each other. The phase unwrapping is liberated from the phase singularity by an annular shearing interference technique while the TC value is determined by a Moiré technique immune to aberrations. Simulation and experimental results proving the method effective are presented. It is of great significance to judge the characteristics of vortex beams passing through non-ideal environments and optical systems.

Friction plays a critical role in dexterous robotic manipulation. However, realizing friction sensing remains a challenge due to the difficulty in designing sensing structures to decouple multi-axial forces. Inspired by the topological mechanics of knots, we construct optical fiber knot (OFN) sensors for slip detection and friction measurement. By introducing localized self-contacts along the fiber, the knot structure enables anisotropic responses to normal and frictional forces. By employing OFNs and a change point detection algorithm, we demonstrate adaptive robotic grasping of slipping cups. We further develop a robotic finger that can measure tri-axial forces via a centrosymmetric architecture composed of five OFNs. Such a tactile finger allows a robotic hand to manipulate human tools dexterously. This work could provide a straightforward and cost-effective strategy for promoting adaptive grasping, dexterous manipulation, and human-robot interaction with tactile sensing.